Media release

From: James Cook University

Coral restoration and adaptation benefits challenged

James Cook University and University of Melbourne researchers have called for an urgent rethink of the merits of coral reef restoration and adaptation, questioning whether the practice can meaningfully improve reef health.

In a new comment paper for the Natural Climate Change journal, Dr Robert Streit, Professor Tiffany Morrison, and Professor David Bellwood were unapologetic in their view of coral restoration, labelling the narrative behind it a “dangerous distraction”.

Coral restoration and adaptation can involve “outplanting”, where coral is transported from nurseries and secured onto reef habitats, selective breeding or minimising coral stressors, such as providing shade or removing natural predators.

“Active interventions make us feel good, and we do need to understand how to protect corals. But the problem starts when we confuse ‘helping corals’ with ‘saving coral reefs’,” lead author Dr Streit said.

“Coral bleaching gets attention. It has visual impact, and concern over the impacts of climate change is incredibly valuable. But how we act now is critical. If scientists overpromise and under-deliver, we are at risk of wasting time, money and importantly, trust.”

While acknowledging the role of coral gardening in a small-scale context, Prof Bellwood said large-scale coral restoration was “costly, premature, and doomed to fail” unless the root cause of climate change was addressed by lowering carbon emissions.

“We need a fundamental rethink. Too much is at stake. At the moment, coral restoration is, at best, psychological relief and cosmetic conservation, and at worst, a dangerous distraction from climate action,” he said.

“Unhealthy reefs lose corals but simply adding corals will not necessarily make reefs healthy.”

In the paper, the trio point to evidence from the northern Great Barrier Reef where recent major bleaching events were followed by large-scale, natural regrowth of corals.

“Current and future heatwaves will continue to kill these re-grown corals, rendering this natural success ephemeral,” they said.

“Yet, to-date, there is little evidence that the ecological dynamics that enabled this regrowth will cease to exist, or that active interventions - which have the stated goal of increasing cover of the same fast-growing corals - can have any population-wide impact.”

Prof Bellwood said there was “little, if any, scientific evidence supporting interventions”.

“The most radical action does not involve experimental ‘solutions’ that fix climate change symptoms,” Prof Morrison added.

“Instead, we need systematic, evidence-based and financially independent science that can inform a decarbonised economy and how humanity can cope with changing reef systems.”

Despite their critique, the authors stressed that preventing coral reef science “from developing into a pro and anti-intervention partisanship” was critical to finding a long-term, workable solution”.

Despite their critique, the authors stressed that preventing coral reef science “from developing into a pro and anti-intervention partisanship” was critical to finding a long-term, workable solution.

“Coral reefs deserve more nuance,” they said.

“We are not calling to abandon interventions that help coral. Coral species are worth saving and any avoided loss of coral cover is a boon to future socio-ecological systems.

“What is needed is a broader evidence-based investigation building a knowledge base for more transformative solutions.”

The journal invited three groups of experts to each write a comment paper on how to best address coral loss as oceans warm in order to canvass a range of opinions.

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