Australia; WA
Australian researchers have found that disadvantage can persist across three generations and that if grandparents left school early and had little interest in their kids' education, then their grandkids are more likely to have lower levels of literacy and numeracy by year 3. Overall the study found that parents' disadvantage had a greater impact on kids' achievement than grandparents' disadvantage did. The study also found that there was a substantial proportion of parents who improved their risk circumstances compared to the grandparents, suggesting there has been some positive social mobility across the generations.
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