Image by Elena Έλενα Kontogianni Κοντογιάννη from Pixabay
Image by Elena Έλενα Kontogianni Κοντογιάννη from Pixabay

EXPERT REACTION: Brisbane woman gives birth to genetically unrelated baby after IVF mix-up

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A woman impregnated through IVF has given birth to a genetically unrelated baby after an embryo mix-up at a fertility clinic in Brisbane. The company, Monash IVF, was alerted to the mistake in February when the birth parents requested their remaining embryos to be transferred to another provider, and an additional embryo was discovered in the storage. The company has said the mistake was due to "human error," and both affected families have been notified.

Organisation/s: Australian Science Media Centre

Funder: None

Expert Reaction

These comments have been collated by the Science Media Centre to provide a variety of expert perspectives on this issue. Feel free to use these quotes in your stories. Views expressed are the personal opinions of the experts named. They do not represent the views of the SMC or any other organisation unless specifically stated.

Dr Christopher Rudge is a Lecturer in Health Law from the Sydney Law School and Deputy Director of the Sydney Health Law Centre at The University of Sydney

This error, which involves the wrongful transfer of the unintended embryo to a mother undergoing ART, could give rise to a claim in medical negligence. This would be a claim for damages for ‘loss of genetic affinity’.

While no such claim has been subject to litigation in Australia before, a well-known case was heard in the Singapore Court of Appeal in 2017. In that case, the parents were successful in suing for a loss of genetic affinity given the expectation by the parents of a genetic connection with their child. Novel legal questions about parentage may also arise in relation to this matter, given that the particular treatment – ie, the use of the third party’s embryo – was not consented to.

Having said all of the above, genetic affinity is not a prerequisite for familial joy; and strong bonds between mother, father and child will no doubt have developed during the conception process. There are thus many difficult decisions to be made in these circumstances.

Last updated: 11 Jun 2025 11:30am
Declared conflicts of interest:
None declared.
Dr Hilary Bowman-Smart is a Research Fellow at the University of South Australia

This situation is devastating for everyone involved. Both sets of parents will be experiencing significant psychological distress – and not only because of questions around parentage. Experiencing infertility and going through IVF can be very tough emotionally and physically in and of itself, as well as expensive - even when things go well. One set of parents has lost an embryo, and one set of parents received an embryo that wasn’t theirs. Both sets of parents have experienced an incredible loss.

For the child, it will be important to consider their best interests, including their right to know about this situation as they grow up.

We should also recognise for the woman who has given birth, this is not a stranger’s baby – she has been pregnant with this child, she gave birth to this child, and raised this child for several months as her own. There is no easy path forward here, but it is not only genetic parenthood that we should think about when we talk about the “biological” or “real” parents – gestational parenthood matters too.

Last updated: 17 Jun 2025 12:26pm
Declared conflicts of interest:
None declared.

Professor Michael Chapman AM is Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the School of Women's & Children's Health (WCH) at the University of New South Wales and Medical Director at Life Fertility Clinic Sydney

It is the event we fear most in the IVF world. Through our RTAC [The Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee] accreditation requirements, clinics are obliged to have double witnessing of all times when embryos, eggs and sperm are handled. Hundreds of thousands are spent on electronic systems to support this process. Similar obsessive controls and checkings occur in the aviation industry but sadly planes rarely but still crash. We await the outcome of the Clinic's investigations.

Last updated: 11 Apr 2025 1:04pm
Declared conflicts of interest:
Michael is the Medical Director of Life Fertility Clinic Sydney and Past president of the Fertility Society of Australia

Dr Fab Horta is from the School of Clinical Medicine in the Discipline of Women’s Health at UNSW Sydney and City Fertility in Sydney

This is truly devastating for everyone involved. I’ve barely slept thinking about how deeply this will be affecting not only the families, but also the clinicians and embryologists who dedicate their lives to this work. It’s hard to comprehend how such an unimaginable error could occur -  particularly in a field where witnessing checks, double-verification, and traceability systems have long been standard practice. In an age where technology plays such a key role in safeguarding every step of the IVF process, this incident is simply unfathomable.

My heart goes first to the families. The emotional weight of this situation is beyond words. But I also find myself thinking about the embryology and clinical teams — the immense distress they must be feeling, and the way this will ripple through their professional and personal lives. Most of us enter this profession with a profound sense of purpose and responsibility. This incident shakes the very foundation of the trust placed in us.

It is a tragic and sobering reminder that even in highly regulated and technologically supported systems, humans are still part of the chain. We must now focus on understanding what happened, supporting those affected, and ensuring it never happens again.

Last updated: 11 Apr 2025 12:08pm
Declared conflicts of interest:
Fab is a fertility specialist at City Fertility in Sydney.
Associate Professor Alex Polyakov is a Clinical Associate Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne and is a Medical Director of Genea Fertility Melbourne

This incident represents an unprecedented occurrence in Australia and remains an exceptionally rare event on a global scale. In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) laboratories and clinics operate within some of the most tightly regulated, meticulously audited environments in all of medicine.

The systems in place are designed with multiple layers of redundancy to ensure the integrity of all procedures involving embryos, oocytes, and sperm. At every critical step—whether during collection, fertilisation, freezing, or transfer—verification by two qualified personnel is mandatory, and electronic tracking systems are widely utilised to further reduce the risk of misidentification.

Australia’s regulatory framework for assisted reproductive technology is internationally recognised for its stringency and thoroughness. Both federal and state-level accreditation bodies maintain rigorous oversight, ensuring high standards of clinical and laboratory practice.

While no system is entirely immune to human error, it is important to emphasise that every conceivable precaution is taken to minimise this risk. Based on the available information, this event is not reflective of a systemic failure, either within the specific clinic involved or across the broader IVF industry.

Rather, this is a highly unusual, “black swan” event—a term used to describe extremely rare occurrences that fall outside the realm of normal expectations. In over four decades of IVF practice in Australia, this is the first recorded incident of its kind. The probability of such an event occurring is so low that it defies statistical quantification; the colloquial phrase 'one in a million' is, in this case, apt.

All those involved in the IVF industry understand and appreciate the concern this may cause among current, former, and future IVF patients, as well as the wider community. However, it is important to provide clear reassurance: the systems currently in place are among the most robust and reliable in the world, and there is every confidence that they will continue to protect against similar events in the future.

Last updated: 11 Apr 2025 12:08pm
Declared conflicts of interest:
He is a Medical Director of Genea Fertility Melbourne

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